بسم الله
الرحمن
الرحيم وبه
تعالى نستعين
"النعمة"
في القرءان
الكريم
Brief
Analysis of Ne’mat (Bounty) in the
Holy Quran
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Ne’mat
(Bounty) versus Neqmat (Calamity)
Manifest
(ظاهر) versus Hidden (باطن) Bounty
Who
Are The Blessed Ones (مُنعِمين) with THE Divine Bounty?
How
Can We Join The Ranks Of Those Who Have Been Blessed With THE Divine Bounty? 6
Perfection
(إتمام) of THE Ne’mat
Remembrance
(ذِكر) of THE Ne’mat
Thanks
(شُكر) and Praise (حمد) for THE Ne’mat
Denial
(كُفران ( of THE Ne’mat
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
Praise
be to Allah Who is Manifest before His creation because of themselves. Who is
apparent to their hearts because of clear proof; Who created without meditating,
since meditating does not befit except one who has thinking organs while He has
no thinking organ in Himself. Praise
is due to Allah whose worth cannot be described by speakers, whose bounties cannot be counted by
calculators, whom the height of intellectual courage cannot appreciate. He for whose description no limit has been
laid down, no eulogy exists, no time is ordained and no duration is fixed.
Our goal in this discourse is to better understand a
certain reality which we as humans as well as other creatures enjoy everyday of
our lives in different ways and forms, though we may be aloof of its importance
and significance. We will attempt to analyze the Arabic word نعمة / Ne’mat and its derivatives which are used
frequently in the Holy Quran, so that we can better appreciate this concept and
thereby give more appropriate thanks to our Lord to the best of our ability
even though we will forever be indebted for His endless blessings. There is no one word which perfectly conveys
the meaning of Ne’mat in English, however the common words used
interchangeably are bounty, blessing, favour, grace, or mercy. The general meaning of Ne’mat in the
people’s eyes is every good, enjoyment, happiness, and desired thing. Ne’mat can be relative since one Ne’mat
can stand as pleasure to one person yet pain to another. Another word that is used interchangeably
with the term Ne’mat is فضل / Fadl. It is from the divine attributes that the
Almighty Creator is the مُنعِم / Mun’em and
مُفضِل / Mufdel
who generously showers His bounties, blessings, and
favors upon all His creation.
Ne’mat (Bounty) versus Neqmat (Calamity)
One way to understand a word or concept is
to comprehend it’s opposite meaning. For
example, if we’d like to understand what is light, we need to understand what
darkness is. And if we desire to
comprehend the meaning of heat, then we need to experience what cold is. Likewise, we can better understand the
significance of Ne’mat by understanding what Neqmat / calamity
is. By definition, Neqmat means
calamity, indignation, retaliation, or misfortune. Neqmat could affect us as a result of
our unjust actions to ourselves or to others and the presence of Neqmat
is equivalent to the absence of Ne’mat.
Hence, we beseech Allah (SWT) at the end of Dua Kumail and call out to him, "يا
سابغ النِعَم
يا دافع
النِقَم..." Oh You who perfects all bounties and who wards off all
misfortunes! We acknowledge that Allah (SWT)
is the one who blesses us with bounties and He (SWT) is also capable of
preventing calamities from reaching us.
In the beginning of this beautiful supplication, we seek the forgiveness
of Allah (SWT) from different types of sins.
Among the categories of sins that are highlighted are the sins that
change or reverse the Ne’am (bounties).
So we implore our Lord and pray, "اللهم
إغفر لي
الذنوب التي
تُغيِّر
النِعَم" Oh Allah! Forgive me those sins that change divine
blessings. Committing certain sins
alter Allah’s blessings for human being and replaces them with calamities and
adversities. As cited in the Commentary
of Kumail Supplication according to Imam Al Sajjad (AS), one of these sins
is being ungrateful and unthankful. True
happiness is to enjoy bounties without calamities and the reversal of divine
favours into disfavours is in essence the existence of Neqmat
(calamity). It’s important to note that
even though a Neqmat which Allah (SWT) is capable of bringing forth has
no limit, the mercy which He (SWT) possesses is enough to drown the most severe
types of Neqmat, as expressed in the prayer recited on Saturdays, "واتسعت
رحمتك في شدة
نِقمتك
واشتدت نقمتك
في سعة رحمتك" Your mercy is widespread even in the most toughest of
Your calamities and Your calamities is severe in the presence of your endless mercy. It is not the
course of the Creator to change or transform the Ne’am (bounties) nor to
hasten in bringing about the Neqam (calamities), as we call out Him in
the Friday supplication in Saheefa Al Kamela by Imam Zainul Abideen (AS) "يا
من لا يُغيِر
النعمة ولا
يُبادر
بالنقمة" Oh He who changes not favours and rushes not to
vengeance! However, if the bounties
we enjoy changes into Neqmat, it is due to our own actions and faults and
that’s why we pray in Dua Kumail to forgive those sins which changes the
bounties.
Manifest (ظاهر) versus Hidden (باطن) Bounty
The bounties and blessings of Allah (SWT) can either
be of the apparent / Dhahir type which is obvious to us, or it can be of the hidden
/ Batin type which requires contemplation and reflection on our part to
identify and recognize such bounty. We
often fail to realize that Ne’am are not only what our senses detect,
what our eyes see, or what we feel.
Allah (SWT) makes this distinction in the Quran when He says, [31:20] "وأسبغ
عليكم نعمه
ظاهرة وباطنة" And He has
completed and perfected His Graces upon you, both apparent and hidden. Examples of
the apparent Ne’am that are related to our senses are what we eat and
wear, our shelter, health, appearance, and lawful pleasures of this world. According to Tafseer Bayan Al-Sa’ada fi
Maqamaat Al ‘Ibadah by Al-Janabedhi, the most honorable of such bounties is
one which brings forth the permanent blessings of the Hereafter, related to
prophethood, the message, its acceptance by general pledge of allegiance
(bay’a), the apparent invitation towards Islam, and the laws of the divine
revelation. As for the hidden bounties,
examples are knowledge, wisdom, guidance to doing righteous deeds, recognition,
the intellect, and also the pleasures and delights of Paradise in the
Hereafter. And the most honorable of
such type according to this exegesis is the divinely appointed Wali / guardian
and the belief in his Wilayah / guardianship, its acceptance by giving the oath
of allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), accepting the unseen invitation to
Islam and the laws of Wilayah. It is
narrated that Imam Al-Baqir (AS) used to say, “The apparent bounty is the
Prophet (SA) and the message of Tawheed (Oneness) and Ma’refatullah
(recognition of God). As for the hidden
Ne’mat, it is our Wilayah (AhlulBayt) and our Mawada (love).” And according to Imam Al-Kadhem (AS), “The
apparent bounty is الإمام
الظاهر (the manifest leader) and the
unseen bounty is الإمام
الغائب (occulted Imam).” In the words
of Imam Ali (AS) as cited in Majma’ Al-Bayan fi Tafseer Al Quran by
Sheikh Tabarsi, “There are six types of bounties (Ne’am): Islam, Quran,
Prophet Muhammad (SA), Satr / protection, ‘Afeya / good health, and
needlessness of what is in people’s hands.”
Who Are The Blessed Ones (مُنعِمين) with THE Divine Bounty?
It is
a known fact which no creation can deny that the Almighty Creator has blessed
all His creation with bounties and sustenance.
However, Allah (SWT) speaks to us in the Holy Quran about specific
individuals whom He has blessed أنعم
الله عليهم with His
bounties. He (SWT) identifies “them” to
be the prophets from the progenies of Prophet Adam, Nuh, Ibraheem, and Israel
(AS) and those who are guided and chosen by Him, as cited in verse 58 of Surat
Maryam:
"أولئك
الذين أنعم
الله عليهم من
النبيّين من
ذرية أدم وممن
حملنا مع نوح
ومن ذرية
إبراهيم
وإسرائيل
وممن هدينا
واجتبينا..."
These
are they whom Allah hath favoured, from among the prophets, of the progeny of
Adam and of them whom We bare with Nuh, and of the progeny of Ibrahim and
Israel, and of those whom We have guided and chosen…
This verse displays the different levels of honor
which prophets have in their relation to other prophets before them. So Prophet Idrees has an honorable lineage to
Adam, Nuh has an honorable lineage to Idrees, and Ibraheem has an honorable
lineage to Prophet Nuh (peace be upon all of them), etc. Each prophet has a ship of salvation which
its followers have great pride to have that prophet as a divine guide. According to Tafseer Tebyan Al-Jami’ Li
‘Uloom Al Quran by Sheikh Al-Toosi, the word "مِن" in this
verse indicates that not all prophets receive that special divine blessing from
Allah (SWT); only the chosen ones who hold an exceptional high rank attain that
privilege. In Tafseer Al Safi by Fayd Al-Kashani, he points out that the sons of
daughters are included in the “progeny” just like Prophet ‘Isa (AS). If this is the case, then we can surely
consider Imam Hasan (AS) and Husain (AS) who are the sons of Lady Fatima (AS)
the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (SA), to be from the progeny of Prophet
Ibraheem (AS).
Furthermore, Seyyid Muhammad Hussain Tabatabai in his
exegesis Mizan fi Tafseer Al Quran highlights the fact that the above
verse indicates that there are other guided and chosen ones besides the
prophets who have also attained these special blessings from Allah (SWT). They are among the truthful / sidiqeen, the
martyrs / shuhadaa, and the righteous ones.
Tababatai correlates this verse with verse # 7 of Surat Al Fatiha to
point out that these special individuals whom Allah (SWT) has granted His
special bounties have a straight path which they tread and follow, "صراط
الذين أنعمت
عليهم" The path of
those whom You have favoured. Allah
(SWT) has made it incumbent on every Muslim to beseech Him in their daily
obligatory prayers to guide them to this straight path which belongs to these
divinely chosen guides. They are those
whom Allah (SWT) blessed with His obedience.
It is cited in Tafseer Al Safi regarding this verse that Imam Jafar Al
Sadiq (AS) stated that those who have received the divine blessings (Ne’mat)
are none other than the Seal of Messengers Prophet Muhammad (AS) and his
purified progeny. In another tradition,
Ahmad Al Halbi narrates from Abi Abdillah (AS) that he recites "إهدنا
الصراط
المستقيم" Guide us to the straight path, in reference to Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). Moreover, Sheikh Al Tabarsi explains in His
Tafseer Bayan that the “straight path” mentioned in Surat Al Fatiha not only
includes the laws of religions and jurisprudence, but we ask in this prayer to
take as role model those whom Allah (SWT) has made their obedience (the Imams)
obligatory on us. Once it comes to our
attention that Allah (SWT) has servants whom He (SWT) chose over creation and
designated them as divine proofs, it is only natural for us to desire their
proximity, tread their path, and seek protection from being among the misguided
and those who are blinded from the right path.
In another verse, Allah (SWT) warns the sons of Adam
(AS) not to follow the devil, and to follow the straight path which leads to
Him, ألم أعهد
إليكم يبني
أدم أن لا
تعبدوا
الشيطان إنه
لكم عدوٌ
مبين.
وأنِ
اعبدوني هذا صراطٌ
مستقيم." Did
I not enjoin upon you, O children of Adam, that you not worship Satan - indeed,
he is to you a clear enemy.
And that you worship Me? This is a straight path. [30:60-61] Allah
(SWT) clearly points out that the only appropriate way to worship Him is to
follow that Siraat Al Mustaqeem which is a path that is opposite of the
devilish path. It is interesting to note
that He (SWT) says “هذا” (that) to
indicate a specific path, or rather a special someone. Another characteristic of these divinely
blessed personalities is that they are not among those who are مغضوب
عليهم (earned your anger), nor are they from the ضالين (misguided).
Ali ibn Ibrahim Al Qummi states in his Tafseer Al Quran that
those who have earned the divine anger are the Nawaseb - those who have shown
animosity towards the Prophet’s household and have neglected their Wilayah
(guardianship). As for the misguided
ones, they are those who doubt and do not know who their real Imam / leader is.
How Can We Join The Ranks Of Those Who Have Been Blessed
With THE Divine Bounty?
So if
we are interested in treading the straight path (Siraat Al Mustaqeem)
which belongs to these luminous personalities whom Allah (SWT) has blessed with
Ne’mat, how can we accomplish that?
Well, Allah (SWT) gives us the answer in the Quran when He (SWT) says,
[4:69] "ومن
يُطع الله
والرسول
فأولائك مع
الذين أنعم
الله عليهم من
النبيين
والصديقين
والشهداء
والصالحين
وحسن أولئك
رفيقا."
And
whoever obeys Allah and the Messenger, they will be in the company of those on
whom Allah has bestowed His Grace, of the Prophets, the Sidiqeen (those
followers of the Prophets who were first and foremost to believe in them), the
martyrs, and the righteous. And how excellent are these as a company! So the key to joining these blessed individuals
in their straight path is to obey Allah (SWT) and His Prophet, and the Quran
verifies to us that the Prophet (SA) does not speak out of his own will or
desire. Tafseer Bayan Sa’ada explains
that in this verse the obedience to Allah (SWT) and His Prophet (SA) is
specifically in reference to the order of Wilayah to Ali ibn Abi Taleb
(AS). Whoever accepts the Wilayah of Ali
(AS) will return and resort to him, and whoever sincerely resorts to him will
be accepted by him, and whoever becomes accepted by him will attain his
mercy. Hence, the servant’s pledge of
allegiance and covenant with Allah (SWT) will be accepted and he will enter the
domain of his Wilayah. And whomever Ali
(AS) welcomes in his realm of Wilayah, they will then be in the company of those
whom Allah (SWT) has bestowed His Grace.
It follows that whoever reached the stage of prophethood did not reach
its perfection except by the Wilayah of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). Thus, we can understand Prophet Muhammad’s
proclamation in Ghadeer Khum when he declared, “Whomsoever I am his Mawla
(master/guardian), then Ali is his Mawla.”
Here, the Prophet (SA) is telling us that anyone who takes him as his
master, whether human or jinn, should also take Ali (AS) as his guardian. We know that all the other prophets and
messengers consider the Seal of Messengers Prophet Muhammad (SA) to be their
guardian and superior to them. Hence,
they also take Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) to be their master and believe him to be
superior over them, and they also believe in his Wilayah. According
to reliable sources as cited in Volume 1 of Hayaat Al Qulub, Abu-Sa‘id
narrates that he heard Prophet Muhammad (SA) say to Imam Ali, “O ‘Ali! Allah
did not send any Prophet but ordered him of your love and Wilayah whether he
liked it or not.” According to
another authentic tradition, the Prophet (SA) said “I asked Allah whom I
should nominate and He revealed to me, ‘Nominate your cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib,
whose name I have mentioned in the previous divine Books and stated that he is
your successor. I have also obtained the oath of fealty for My Lordship, your
Prophethood and Imamate and Wilayah of ‘Ali ibn Abi-Talib from all the
creatures and Prophets.’”
When analyzing the
above verse [4:69], we will observe that Allah (SWT) states that He (SWT)
granted his special divine blessings to those among the prophets, the Sidiqeen
(truthful), the martyrs, and the righteous.
Interestingly in his exegesis, Ali ibn Ibrahim Al Qummi identifies the
“prophets” to be in reference to Prophet Muhammad (SA), and the “sidiqeen” to
be Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) as he was the first to believe in the message of
Prophet Muhammad (SA). Also, in the book
of Uyoon, it is narrated that the Prophet (SA) said, “Every Ummah has a
Sideeq (truthful) and Farooq (separator), and the Sideeq of this Ummah and its
Farooq is Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS).”
Furthermore, Al Qummi states that “martyrs” in this verse is in
reference to Al-Hasan and Al-Husain (AS), while the “Saliheen” or the righteous
ones are the Infallible Imams from the progeny of Imam Husain (AS). This verse concludes with وحسن
أولئك رفيقا"” And how
excellent are these as a company. Al Ayaashi in Tafseer Safi states that the
“best companionship” is represented in Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). If we analyze the autobiography of the
Prophet (SA) as well as Imam Ali (AS), we will realize the strong bond that
they cherished with each other which exceeded the relation of brotherhood to
the level of them representing the Nafs/self of each other. Historians write that Ali (AS) used to always
accompany the Prophet (SA) even when he would go to the desert or
mountains. It was this unique
relationship that Imam Ali (AS) describes in these words in Nahjul Balagha: "كنت أتبعه
اتباع الفصيل
أثر أمه يرفع
لي في كل يوم
من أخلاقه
علماً
ويأمرني
بالاقتداء
به." “I followed him [Prophet Muhammad (SA)] step by step as a baby
camel follows its mother. He used to place a fresh code of behavior before me
daily and order me he to follow it.” In the same speech Imam Ali (AS) continues, "وقد علمتم
موضعي من رسول
الله (ص)
بالقرابة
القريبة ،
والمنزلة
الخصيصة ،
وضعني في حجره
وأنا وليد ،
يضمني إلى
صدره ،
ويكنفني في
فراشه ، ويمسني
جسده ،
ويشمّني
عرفه
وكان يمضغ
الشئ ثم
يلقمنيه." You know that due to my close relationship,
and my special rank I enjoyed with the Messenger of Allah (SA), I have a
distinguished position with him. He took me in his lap when I was a baby. He
often kept me embraced to his heart. He used to make me sleep next to him. We
used to be so close to each other that I felt the warmth of his body and
smelled the fragrance of his odor. When I was a baby, He fed me from his mouth,
chewing hard bits for me." Hence, it follows human logic that we
refer to the closest personality who is the “gate of knowledge” and has
inherited the teachings of the pure Islam from the city of knowledge - the Holy
Prophet (SA).
Perfection (إتمام) of THE Ne’mat
The pleasure and joy of the recipient of divine
blessings مُنَعَّمreaches its peak when the blessing itself has reached
the stage of perfection. As Allah (SWT)
is the Absolute Perfection who brings completion to things, it is also His
course of action and will to bring perfection to His bounties. The Quran speaks numerously about the
perfection of Ne’mat (bounty), most notably in verse [5:3] "اليوم
أكملت لكم
دينكم وأتممت
عليكم نعمتي
ورضيت لكم
الإسلام
ديناً." Today I have perfected for you your religion,
and have completed My favour upon you, and am well-pleased with Islam as your
religion. Most exegesis testify that this verse was revealed
to the Prophet (SA) on the journey back from the Farewell Pilgrimage on the
year 10 A.H. It was revealed
immediately after the Prophet (SA) appointed Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) as his
successor on the Islamic state at a place called Ghadeer Khum. Indeed this is one of the most critical
verses of the Holy Quran as it announces the completion of the message, the
perfection of THE bounty and the divine approval and satisfaction of this
religion. Without this verse being
present in the Quran, one may question whether the message has fully been
conveyed, or whether Allah (SWT) is pleased with the religion as it was
relayed. The above verse clearly states
that the religion was completed and the bounties perfected on a specific day;
history tells us that day was on the event of Ghadeer Khum on the 18th
of DhulHijjah, 10th year A. H.
Indeed, the final message to humanity was completed with the Imamate and
successorship being a condition to its completeness. According to Majma’ Al Bayan, when
this verse was revealed the Prophet (SA) exclaimed:
"الله
أكبر على
إكمال الدين
وإتمام
النعمة برسالتي
وولاية علي بن
أبي طالب من
بعدي.
من كنت مولاه
فعليُ مولاه
اللهم والي من
ولاه وعادي من
عاداه وانصر
من نصره وخذل
من خذله." God is Great
for the completion of religion and perfection of bounty by my message and by
the Wilayah/guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Taleb after me. Whomever I am his Mawla, then Ali is his
Mawla. Oh God, be the friend of him who is
his friend, and be the enemy of him who is his enemy. Help him who helps him and forsake him who
forsakes him. It is interesting to note that
the verse mentions the Ne’mat in the singular form as opposed to plural
to indicate that Allah (SWT) is referring to a specific bounty, and not just
any bounty.
Islam
is built on five pillars and the last pillar is the Wilayah and giving the
pledge of allegiance for Imamate of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). The five pillars are not completed except by
completion of its parts, and the bounty (Ne’mat) of Islam is not
completed without its 5th pillar.
Al-Kafi narrates that Imam Al Baqir (AS) has said, “A Fareeda
(obligatory action) is issued after another Fareeda. And the Wilayah is among the last obligations
to be revealed.” Tafseer Safi
interestingly points out that Allah (SWT) did not state that He (SWT) has
completed the Fara'ed (obligatory deeds) "أكملت
لكم الفرائض"; rather
Allah (SWT) declares that He has completed the religion "أكملت
لكم دينكم". The last
obligation that was revealed is the obligation of Wilayah in Ghadeer Khum which
was followed by the revelation of the verse of completion of religion.
Furthermore, Allah (SWT) says in
verse [5:6] which was revealed in the context of ablution and purification that
He (SWT) desires to complete His bounty perhaps we may be thankful for His
favour upon us. "ولكن
يريد ليطهركم
وليُتِم
نعمته عليكم
لعلكم
تشكرون." But He intends to purify you and complete
His favor upon you that you may be grateful. Once again, the term Ne’mat is used in
the singular form. The exegesis of
Tafseer Bayan Sa’ada reveals that the latent meaning of the Ne’mat
mentioned in this verse is in reference to the bay’a (pledge of allegiance) of
Wilayah which is the essence of perfection of the Ne’mat of Islam. Perhaps after appreciating that greatest
bounty from Allah (SWT) we would be sincerely thankful to Him. In another verse [2:150] which mentions
changing direction of Qibla towards Mecca, Allah (SWT) says: "فلا
تخشوهم
واخشوني
ولأتِم نعمتي
عليكم ولعلكم
تهتدون." So fear them not, but fear Me!
And so that I may complete My Blessings on you and that you may be guided. In this verse, Allah (SWT) mentions His specific Ne’mat in
reference to Imam Ali (AS) but one may wonder what correlation exists between
the bounty of Wilayah and the changing of Qibla which is the context of the
above verse. If we reflect on the
meaning of this verse, we’ll understand that the new direction of Muslims has
been changed to the Holy Kaaba. With
that in mend, let us also remember that the Holy Kaaba happens to be the
birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) which is a unique gift and virtue for
him. Hence, Allah (SWT) wants to lift
our attention that the essence and core of our direction is to the Wilayah
of Imam Ali (AS) which is symbolized by his birthplace in the Holy Kaaba. This change of direction towards the Kaaba by
the heart is equivalent to the perfection of Ne’mat. Perhaps we can be guided by him who is the
representation of Siraat Al Mustaqeem (the Straight path) as discussed
earlier.
If we wanted to
summarize the state of affairs between the Creator and creation in regards to
bestowal of bounties, we will not find better words than the supplication of
Imam Husain ibn Ali (AS) on the day of Arafah where he says:
"ثم
إذ خلقتني مِن
خير الثرى لم
ترضى لي يا
إلهي نعمة دون
أخرى ورزقتني
مِن أنواع
المعاش وصنوف
الرِياش بمنك
العظيم
الأعظم عليَّ
وإحسانك
القديم إليَّ
حتى إذا أتممت
عليَّ جميع
النِعَم
وصرفت عني كُل
النقم لم
يمنعك جهلي
وجُرأتي عليك
أن دللتني إلى
ما يقربني
إليك ووفقتني
لِما يُزلفني
لديك فإن
دعوتك أجبتني
وإن سألتك
أعطيتني وإن أطعتك
شكرتني وإن
شكرتك زِدتني
كل ذلك
إكمالاً لإنعامك
عليَّ
وإحسانك
إليَّ
فسبحانك..."
“Then, since You created me
from the best soil, You were not satisfied, my God, that I should have one
blessing with another. You provided me
with varieties of sustenance and kinds of garments and Your tremendous, most
tremendous, graciousness to me and Your Eternal goodness towards me. And finally, when You had completed for me
every blessings and turned away from me all misfortunes, You were not prevented
by my ignorance and audacity from guiding me towards that which would bring me
nigh to You or from giving me success in that which would bring me close to
You. For if I prayed to You , You
answered; and if I asked of You, You gave me; if I obeyed You, You showed Your
gratitude; and if I thank You, You gave me more. All of that was to perfect Your blessings
upon me and Your goodness towards me. So
glory be to you…”
If
we briefly analyze this excerpt from the beautiful supplication of Husain (AS) on
the day of Arafah which speaks volumes of the level of ma’refat / recognition
and knowledge that he possesses, we can conclude the following points. From His great generosity and goodness, Allah
(SWT) created us from the best material and chose to bestow a cocktail of
bounties and blessings to the point of its perfection and protection from
calamities and misfortunes. But
unfortunately, this perfection of bounties coupled with protection of
calamities did not remove the ignorance and audacity from us and despite that,
Allah (SWT) provided us lights of guidance towards His proximity. Furthermore, His absolute mercy was obvious
in His response to our call, His gratitude to our obedience, and He (SWT) gave
us more than that as a sign of perfection to His bounties!
Remembrance (ذِكر) of THE Ne’mat
Remembering a Ne’mat means that a
human is conscious that it is a blessing, a favor; it is something that is
conferred by the Master, and the Master has honored us with it. Allah (SWT) also emphasizes
the importance of remembrance (dhikr) of His bounties. For example, He (SWT) says: [2:231] "وذكروا
نعمة الله
عليكم وما
أنزل عليكم من
الكتاب
والحكمة
يعظكم به."
And remember Allah’s favour upon you, and
that he has sent down unto you the Book and the wisdom whereby He exhorted
you. In reference to this verse, Tafseer Bayan Sa’ada explains that
the more a believer treads the path of Wilayah Mutlaqa (absolute guardianship),
it becomes a Ne’mat to him, and when he actually reaches that stage, the
Ne’mat is completed and perfected on him. Rather, the believer himself becomes a Ne’mat! Anything that is associated with Wilayah
whether derived from it or refers back to it is also a Ne’mat due to its
association to it.
In another verse where Allah
addresses Bani Israel, He (SWT) says, "يا بني
إسرائيل
اذكروا نعمتي
التي أنعمت عليكم
وأوفوا
بعهدي أوفي
بعهدكم وإياي
فارهبون." O Children of Israel! Remember My Favour which I bestowed upon you,
and fulfill (your obligations to) My Covenant (with you) and fear none but
Me. The Jews of Medina opposed the prophethood of
Muhammad (SA), betrayed him, and said that they know Muhammad (SA) is prophet
and Ali (AS) is his Wasi (guardian), but they refuse to believe in either of
them. Ayaashi narrates that Imam Al
Sadiq (AS) explained that the above verse is in reference to fulfilling the
obligation of Wilayah to Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) and that He (SWT) will grant
Paradise in return for fulfillment of this divine obligation. Moreover, in his exegesis, Fayd Al Kashani
asserts that the instruction of "أوفوا
بعهدي" (fulfilling the covenant) is in relation to that pledge which
the Prophet (SA) took on their ancestors - their prophets. The Jews were ordered to believe in the
prophethood of Muhammad (SA) - the Arab, Quraishi, Hashemi whose
characteristics is clearly described in their books. They were ordered to support he who is
supported by miracles and who among his signs is Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), his
brother and companion who shares the same intellect, knowledge, and clemency as
him and is the supporter of the religion by his sword. In the last part of this verse "وإياي
فارهبون" (And
fear none but Me), Allah
(SWT) is instructing to fear Him and exercise Taqwa in regards to disobeying
His Prophet in what he orders them, specifically the order of the Wilayah of
Imam Ali (AS). The divine instruction to
remember His bounty is emphasized once again in [5:7] "واذكروا
نعمة الله
عليكم
وميثاقه الذي
واثقكم به إذ
قُلتم سمعنا
وأطعنا
واتقوا الله
إن الله عليم
بذات الصدور."
And
remember Allah's Favour to you and His Covenant with which He bound you when
you said: "We hear and we obey." And fear Allah. Verily, Allah is
All-Knower of that which is in (secrets of your) breasts. The Mithaaq / covenant mentioned in this verse is the covenant of
successorship taken on the journey back from the Farewell pilgrimage. Al Qummi states in his exegesis that when the
Prophet (SA) took the covenant of Wilayah, the people answered “We hear and we
obey”, but they broke their covenants afterwards. Hence, Allah (SWT) is reminding the people to
beware lest they forget the Ne’mat and break their allegiance to Imam
Ali (AS). After all, He (SWT) knows the
secrets of the hearts and the thoughts of disobedience which is being
entertained in the minds of some companions regarding the successorship of Ali
ibn Abi Taleb (AS).
Thanks (شُكر) and Praise (حمد) for THE Ne’mat
The
remembrance (dhikr) of Allah’s bounties and its acknowledgement is the first
step towards expression of thanks (shokr) and praise for His bounties to
us. Ameer Al Momineen (AS) starts Sermon
114 of Nahjul Balagha with these most profound words which sheds light on the
correlation of praise with bounty, “Praise be to Him Who makes praise followed by bounty and bounty
with gratefulness. We praise Him on His bounties as on His trials.” From
his eloquent words of wisdom, we come to recognize that Allah (SWT) the
Almighty Creator created ‘praise’ and taught us its knowledge so that we can
appreciate His bounties. It follows that
more praise leads to more divine grace and vice versa. Not only that, but our praise to Him should
not be limited or restricted to His bounties on us. As servants, we should also express thanks
and gratitude for the times of trial and calamities we experience.
From the strange phenomenon which is of human nature
that doesn’t change with time or place is that man tends to forget, disregard,
or overlook Allah’s bounties and blessings to him, whether they are apparent or
hidden. It is the tendency of humans,
with the exception of few, that when man receives a blessing on a continuous
and consistent basis he takes that bounty for granted and forgets to thank the
Giver and Provider for that عطاء / grant.
He distances himself from the Provider and becomes غافل/ heedless and oblivious to
it. Allah (SWT) describes man to be
ungrateful, "وقليلُ
مِن عباديَ
الشكور." Only very few of My servants are grateful. [34:13] It is
only when that bounty is seized from him at a moment of trial that man begins
to wake up from his slumber and remember that the bounty was indeed a gift and
that gift was bestowed by the Creator/Gifter.
When a calamity or misfortune takes place, the person is then reminded
to return to his Creator in a state of despair seeking refuge and help from
Him. However, that state of return is
short-lived and dies down when the bounty is restored and he returns back to
his normal life of ghaflat / heedlessness and detachment from His
Lord. This state is described in the
Holy Quran as Allah (SWT) says in Surat Al-Israa:
أعرض
ونأى بجانبه
وإذا مسه الشر
فذو دعاء عريض"
"وإذا
أنعمنا على
الإنسان [17:83] When We bestow favours on man he turns away,
and gets himself remote on his side (instead of coming to Us); and when evil
seizes him (he comes) full of prolonged prayer! It
is important for us to note that trials or Neqmat can also act as a Ne’mat
which we may not realize or recognize that it is. In fact, authentic narrations say that the
right of Allah (SWT) during the time of trial is satisfaction and patience,
while His right during the time of ease is praise and gratitude. So, if we exercise patience, submission,
reliance, and gratitude to Allah (SWT) at our times of trial and difficulty,
then this experience will surely strengthen our relationship with our Creator
and will bring us closer to Him which is the ultimate salvation and the
greatest bounty from Him. Likewise, a Ne’mat
(bounty) may also stand as a test and trial for us if we fail to appreciate it,
recognize its benefactor, and give due thanks to Allah (SWT) to the best of our
ability. In other words, if our reaction
to His bounty is that of arrogance, neglect, and thanklessness to the Giver,
then we have surely done injustice to ourselves as well as our Lord, and that
is in essence the trial which we have failed!
Furthermore,
man does not count or tally the number of bounties and blessings he enjoys from
Allah (SWT), but his memory tends to be strong and he is quick to remember to
how many negative events or misfortunes he encounters even if it is in the
past. From the injustices that we commit
against our Lord is our failure to fully recognize and appreciate every bounty
that we receive and we only consider the materialistic bounties while ignoring
many other blessings which may have more value and importance. Allah (SWT) has given us many Ne’am
which cannot not be calculated or counted [16:81]: “وإن
تعدوا نعمة
الله لا
تحصوها”
And if you should
count the favors of Allah, you could not enumerate them. As cited in the exegesis of Mizan, Burhan, as well
as Safi, whenever Imam Ali ibn Al Husain (AS) recited the above verse, he would
reflect and say, “Glory be to Him who did not grant the knowledge of His
Ne’mat/bounty without having awareness of Taqseer/neglect of its knowledge,
just like He did not grant anyone the knowledge of its Edraak/recognition more
than the knowledge that the servant cannot fully recognize Him. So he (servant) thanks the Lord for the
knowledge of the gnostics regarding the deficiency of his knowledge of how to
properly thank Him. So Allah (SWT) made
the knowledge of their deficiency in itself an expression of Shokr/thanks.” So,
human’s awareness of his lack of knowledge or Taqseer/neglect and his inability
to fully appreciate the bounties he receives from His Creator and his failure
to properly express Hamd, is in itself a Ne’mat/bounty which deserves
endless thanks and praise by the servant. As beautifully expressed by Imam
Zainul Abideen (AS) in his supplication
of thanks, “The most thankful of Thy servants has not the capacity to thank
Thee.” These words of the Infallible
Imam (AS) is in line with verse [16:81] in addressing the capacity of a servant
to thank the Creator.
Moreover, every time a person
expresses Hamd/praise or Shokr/thanks to Allah, our 4th Imam (AS)
teaches us that our act of praise in itself deserves another thanks. In fact, there are three things which we
should thank Allah (SWT) for whenever we utter or express gratitude to
Him. First, we owe it to Allah (SWT) who
taught us how to express thanks to Him and we should thank him for giving us
that knowledge. Second, we should thank
Him for giving us the ability to express thanks to Him by our tongue and
providing the means and method of communication with Him. Last but not least, Allah (SWT) is
most-deserving of our utmost thanks for inspiring and giving us the opportunity
to remember and appreciate His bounties.
This beautiful phrase from the ‘Munajaat (Whispered prayers) of Thanks’
by Imam Sajjad (AS) as available in Saheefa Al Kamela nicely describes the
state of wonder where a servant expresses his failed attempt to recognize and
give due thanks to the Giver and Sustainer.
Here, the servant who carries high level of knowledge and
ma’refat/recognition of His Lord realizes that every word of praise by him
deserves more thanks:
"ونعماؤك
كثيرة قصر
فهمي عن
إدراكها
فضلاً عن
إستقصائها
فكيف لي
بتحصيل الشكر
وشكري إياك
يفتقر إلى
شكرٍ ، فكلما
قلت لك الحمد
وَجبَ عليَّ
لذالك أن أقول
لك الحمد."
Thy
favours are many - my understanding falls short of grasping them, not to speak
of exhausting them! So how can I achieve thanksgiving? For my thanking Thee
requires thanksgiving. Whenever I say, 'To Thee belongs praise!', it becomes
thereby incumbent upon me to say, 'To Thee belongs praise'! Since we’ve
reached the conclusion based on the analysis so far that the most important and
valuable bounty given to us by Allah (SWT) is the divine guidance impersonated
by His chosen Infallible Prophets and Imams, it follows logically that this
gift of Wilayah deserves most thanks and praise to Him compared to any other
bounty.
Moreover, it is the supplication of the prophets and righteous servants to
Allah (SWT) that He gives them the ability to express thanks and gratitude for
His blessings, and this supplication is cited in the Quran in their own words,
[46:15] "ربي
أوزعني أن
أشكر نعمتك
التي أنعمت
عليَّ وعلى
والديَّ وأن
أعمل صالحاً
ترضاه واصلح في
ذريتي." My
Lord, direct me to appreciate the blessings You have bestowed upon me and upon
my parents, and to do the righteous works that please You. Let my children be
righteous as well. According to Tafseer Bayan Sa’ada, this verse
is specifically the words of Husain ibn Ali (AS) who prayed that he
successfully expresses thanks for the bounty on him and his parents, Ali ibn
Abi Taleb (AS) and
As a
sign of gratitude, It is imperative for a servant who is
blessed with God’s bounty to show the effect of these divine blessings and convey
them to others without bragging or boasting as Allah (SWT) states in Surat
Adh-Duha [93:11]: "وأما
بنعمة ربك
فحدث" And
proclaim the Grace of your Lord. This Surah speaks about the blessings which
Allah (SWT) granted His Prophet (SA) such as giving him refuge as an orphan,
guiding him, and making him self-sufficient with contentment. Interestingly, Allah (SWT) instructs the
Prophet (SA) to speak about and convey His specific bounty. Tafseer Burhaan explains that what Allah
(SWT) blessed His Prophet (SA) with is prayer, Zakat, fasting, Hajj, and the Wilayah
which he is to proclaim to the people.
So, the Prophet (SA) is to speak about the importance of Wilayah and the
virtues of the Wali himself (Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb) even if the people
disliking hearing that discourse. He is
to focus the spotlight on his purified progeny even if they call him crazy or
insane or claim that he is possessed with his cousin which is what actually
happened! So Allah (SWT) hastened to his
defense in Surat Al Qalam and swore that the Prophet (SA) is not crazy
regarding the Ne’ma of his Lord who is none other than Ali ibn Abi Taleb
(AS). Nor is he fanatical about his
cousin and son-in-law, as some of the companions were envious of the special
and very close relationship which the Prophet (SA) cherished with Imam Ali
(AS).
"نٓۚ وَٱلۡقَلَمِ
وَمَا يَسۡطُرُونَ
(١) مَآ أَنتَ
بِنِعۡمَةِ
رَبِّكَ
بِمَجۡنُونٍ۬
(٢) " Noon. I swear by the pen and what the angels
write. You are not, By the bounty of your Lord, mad (possessed). [68:2]
Although commentators of Quran do not
explicitly convey this meaning, if we closely analyze this Surah we’ll notice
that this chapter starts and ends with the mention of جنون/ insanity. Interestingly enough, Allah (SWT) mentions twice
in this short chapter that the nonbelievers are claiming that the Prophet (SA)
is insane and in both occasions Allah (SWT) is vindicating His Prophet from
that false claim. ..
وَمَا هُوَ
إِلَّا
ذِكْرٌ
لِّلْعَالَمِينَ وَإِن
يَكَادُ
الَّذِينَ
كَفَرُوا
لَيُزْلِقُونَكَ
بِأَبْصَارِهِمْ
لَمَّا
سَمِعُوا
الذِّكْرَ
وَيَقُولُونَ
إِنَّهُ
لَمَجْنُونٌ
And those who disbelieve would almost smite you with
their eyes when they hear the Message (the Command) and they say “Surely he is
mad (possessed). And It is not but a message to the worlds. [68:51-52]
In
the commentary of these verses, Tafseer Al Safi cites that according to Al
Kafi, one day Imam Al Sadiq (AS) passed by the Masjid Ghadeer and turned his
head to one side and pointed out the exact position where the Prophet (SA)
stood and pronounced the successorship of Imam Ali (AS). Then he turned his face to the other side and
pointed out the location of the tent (on that day) of such-and-such person
including Salem (the freed-slave of Hudhaifah ibn Al Yaman) and Abi Ubaidah ibn
Al Jarrah. When these individuals saw
the Prophet (SA) raising the hand of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), some of them
turned to the other and whispered among themselves about the Prophet (SA), ‘Look
at his eyes how they move around as if they are the eyes of a mad person!’ At
that moment, Archangel Jibrael descended with this verse لَمَّا
سَمِعُوا
الذِّكْرَwhen the Prophet (SA) spoke to the audience
about the virtues of Imam Ali (AS). So
Ameerul Momineen Ali (AS) is described by Allah (SWT) to be ذِكْرٌ
لِّلْعَالَمِينَ
(the dhikr/remembrance/message to the whole world) which is in essence Wilayah
Mutlaqa / absolute guardianship. Now
if we correlate verses 51-52 with verse 2 of this Surah, we will realize that
the subject of “madness” is the same and that is – the Wilayah of Imam Ali ibn
Abi Taleb (AS)!
So, when the Prophet (SA) speaks
publicly in Ghadeer about the virtues of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), he is
fulfilling the instructions of verse 93:11 to speak about THE bounty of Allah (SWT)
represented in his successor.
Actually,
the act of Tahadoth / proclaiming the grace of Allah (SWT) is in itself
a sign of Shokr (thanks). This is
supported by a prophetic hadeeth which states that,
"من
لم يشكر الناس
لم يشكر الله
ومن لم يشكر
القليل لم
يشكر الكثير
والتحدث
بنعمة الله
شكر وتركه كُفر."
Whoever is
not grateful to the people is not grateful to Allah (SWT), and whoever does not
thank for the little bounty will not thank for the many bounties. Asserting the favours of Allah (SWT) is
considered to be gratitude while avoiding to do so is Kufr (disbelief). This leads us
to the next important subtopic in our discussion which is Kufran Al Ne’mat.
Denial (كُفران ( of THE Ne’mat
In
order to understand what exactly is Shokr Al Ne’mat (thankfulness of
bounty), it important for us to understand what is it’s opposite; that is, Kufran
Al Ne’mat (denial of bounties) which is one of the topics addressed in the
Holy Quran. By understanding what exactly Kufran Al Ne’mat entails, we
can avoid falling into that sin and refrain from being among those who exhibit
that negative behavior. By definition,
the word “Kufran” which is derived from the Arabic root word “Kufr”
means disbelief, infidelity, or blasphemy.
In simple words, to practice Kufr is to deny or reject and the
common example used is when we refer to the disbelievers and rejecters of a
religion as “Kufaar” (nonbelievers).
So
what exactly does it mean to say “Kufran Al Ne’mat”? In the words of a prominent and unique
scholar of his time, Allamah Rasheed Turabi, “rejecting the divine favors or bounties, not recognizing
Allah’s favors as favors, changing the basic idea of a Ne’mat, wasting a
bounty, and diverting the sense and the meaning of a blessing, all fall under
“Kufran Al Ne’mat”. He further explains that a bounty is a favor
in which the concept of a right is absent, so if a recipient claims that he had
the right to a particular blessing and if he considers that favor as his due,
he instantly alters the nature of that Ne’mat and exchanges the bounty
with thanklessness by denying it. Allah
(SWT) opens our eyes to this category of individuals "ألم
ترى إلى الذين
بدّلوا نعمة
الله كفراً وأحلوا
قومهم دار
البوار. جهنم
يصلونها
وبِئس القرار." Have
you not seen those who gave away the blessings of Allah in exchange for
thanklessness and led their people down to the Abode of Loss (Even to) Hell?
They are exposed thereto. A hapless end!
[14:28] The key word in this verse is تبديل / Tabdeel which means to replace, alter, or change one thing
with another. In the context of this
verse, Allah (SWT) is telling us that there are individuals who will replace
the bounty of Allah (SWT) – a particular bounty and not just any bounty – with
disbelief, rejection, and neglect. Not
only that, but a consequence of their action is leading the people astray. Now, what type of blessing is this which if
denied or replaced will lead to misguidance?
What type of bounty is that which will lead to eternal damnation in
Hell-Fire? Could it be the bounty of
eating, drinking, or possession of wealth?
Of course not! Logic and common
sense tells us that it could not be a materialistic bounty and that Allah (SWT)
must be referring to a bounty that is much greater in His eyes such that
He (SWT) is mentioning it in the singular form!
If we
research authentic traditions, we will find that it is narrated by Ali ibn
Ibrahim in his commentary of Quran that Imam Al Sadiq (AS) said in reference to
this verse, “By Allah, we are Ne’matullah / the bounty of Allah which He (SWT)
gave this blessing to His servants.
Through us, the victorious gain their victory.” These words of the 6th Imam is
also narrated by the tongue of the 1st Imam as relayed by one of his
close companions Asbagh ibn Nubata which is cited in both Tafseer Mizan and
Ayaashi. So if we come to realize that
the purified progeny of the Holy Prophet (SA) are essentially THE BOUNTY which
has been replaced, it leads us to question how and why they were replaced. Sure enough, if we reminisce the verses we
discussed earlier in our discourse, we will remember the event of Ghadeer Khum
in which the Prophet (SA) appointed his cousin Ali ibn Abi Taleb as his
successor and Wali /guardian and took the pledge of allegiance from all the
Muslims present. However, history confirms
to us that many turned back on their oath allegiance to Imam Ali (SA),
disbelieved in it, and replaced him with another Caliph who was chosen by a
group of them. Even though many
companions knew the right of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) for the Caliphate which the
Prophet (SA) publicly announced on the day of Ghadeer as the divine will and
selection, they denied him his right after the Prophet’s demise. So Allah (SWT) says about them [16:83], "يعرفون
نعمة الله ثم
يُنكرونها
وأكثرهم الكافرون."
They
fully recognize GOD's blessings, then deny them; the majority of them are
disbelievers. It may be understandable if a person makes a
change or replacement from something that is bad to something better, or
something good to something that is best.
However, this situation begs the mind to question why this change and
replacement from what is definitely good by divine approval to what is less
good, if not worse! Hence, Allah (SWT)
expresses this wonder when He (SWT) exclaims [16:71] "أفبنعمة
الله يجحدون" Will
they still deny the favour of ALLAH
and in the following verse He (SWT) questions out of astonishment and wonder "
أفبالباطل
يُؤمنون
وبمنعمة الله
يكفرون." Should
they believe in falsehood, and deny GOD's blessings [16:72]
!As
indicated in this verse, one of the signs of Kufran Al Ne’mat (denial of
favors) is to believe in batil (falsehood) and support it. Since we’ve concluded that Imam Ali (AS) is
the one meant by Ne’matullah (the bounty of Allah), we can fairly
conclude based on this verse that those who deny Ali (AS) his rights and
disbelieve in him are categorized as “those who believe in
batil/falsehood”. Now if we search and
review our authentic history, we can easily pinpoint those individuals who
represent “batil/falsehood” and had supporters who followed them and preferred
them over the bounty of Allah, who is Imam Ali (AS).
If
we reminisce for a moment on the meaning of Shokr Al Ne’mat
(thankfulness of a bounty) and correlate it with the concept of Kufran Al
Ne’mat (denial of a bounty), we will realize based on the verses just
analyzed that Kufran Al Ne’mat does not only mean lack of gratitude or
neglect to a bounty. In fact, one of the
most severe types of Kufran Al Ne’mat is to change that bounty
altogether and replace it with one that does not deserve that position. Now what could be the reason or motive for
this state of Kufran which results in replacement of the original
bounty? Allah (SWT) sheds some light to
us in the Quran [4:54] "أم يحسدون
الناس على ما
أتاهم من
فضله." Are
they jealous of the people because of that which Allah has bestowed on them of
His Bounty? One of the undesirable evil attributes is
jealousy and envy which is detrimental to both the physical and mental health
to the extent that Ameer Al Momineen (AS) said: “One who does not
suppress jealousy makes his body his own grave.” Jealousy is when a man desires that a blessing be
removed from another person though he knows that this blessing is well-deserved
by the recipient, while envy means to desire the blessing possessed by others
and make effort to equal others. Jealousy is a calamity for religion and Imam Sadiq (AS)
has stated: “Indeed envy and jealousy burns down Faith just as fire burns
down timber.” History shows us classical examples which
teaches us a lesson of how jealousy leads to destruction and the wrath of
God. We have an example in Iblees/devil
who was the first to practice jealousy and introduce this vice to
humanity. After him, Qabeel son of Adam
and the brothers of Prophet Yusuf (AS) displayed and acted upon their jealousy.
Allah
(SWT) intentionally mentions these stories in the Quran to lift our attentions
that we must not harbor feelings of envy towards another creature that has been
bestowed with blessings or bounties by God; otherwise it will lead to Kufr. He (SWT) gives us these examples to warn us
not to repeat the same mistake with the most important bounty given to us which
is our faith, religion, and the divine guides represented by the Prophets and
Infallible Imams. It is narrated by
Allamah Majlisi in Volume 1 of Hayat Al Quloob that Allah (SWT) revealed
to Prophet Adam (AS): “Oh Adam!
Raise your head and look at My empyrean.’ Adam raised his head and beheld
some names on it. Adam asked, ‘Who are they?’ Allah (SWT) answered, ‘They
are from your offspring and are much better than others. I have not created the
heavens, the earth, and the hell, but only out of love for these five Honorable
beings. I have created you and all
creatures for them. Do not be jealous of them otherwise you will be deprived of
My bounties!’
According to reliable chain of narrators as
cited in the same above-mentioned source, a companion by the name of Sulayman
ibn Khalid said to Imam Al-Sadiq (AS), “May I be sacrificed for you. What
was the reason that Qabeel killed Habeel?” Imam (AS) replied, “Because
Adam had appointed Habeel as his successor. Allah revealed to Adam to hand over
the successorship and the Grand Name to Habeel while Qabeel was the elder. When
he knew this, he was angry and said that he was the rightful heir to
successorship and bounties. Under divine instructions, Adam asked both of them
to present a sacrifice to Allah. Allah accepted Habeel’s sacrifice and rejected
Qabeel’s. So he envied Habeel and killed him.” From day one of creation, Allah (SWT) makes
it clear to us and engraves in our minds that jealousy and envy against His
chosen guides is the key to His wrath and eternal doom and leads to Neqmat
– deprivation of His bounties.
Furthermore,
Allah (SWT) tells us straightforwardly that the consequences of Kufr/disbelief
is severe punishment, [14:7]"وإذ
تأذَّن ربُكم لئن
شكرتم
لأزيدنكم
ولئن كفرتم
إنَّ عذابي لشديد." And
when your Lord declared: `If you are grateful, I will surely bestow more
favours on you; but if you are ungrateful, then know that MY punishment is
severe indeed.' More specifically, if we are thankful for
the bounty of Wilayah, He (SWT) will increase us in guidance. So serious and swift is the punishment of
Allah (SWT) for those who disbelieve in the Wilayah that it is narrated when
the Prophet (SA) ordered everyone to give their pledge of allegiance to his
cousin Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) as his legatee, a man complained and questioned
the Prophet (SA) whether that order was originating from him or from Allah
(SWT). That man’s feeling of jealousy
and animosity caused him to doubt Ali’s right for the seat of Caliphate. So he challenged the Prophet (SA) to receive
swift punishment if his (Prophet’s) words in this matter was truly a revelation
from God. Sure enough, Allah (SWT)
responded to the man’s challenge and he perished immediately in front of the
audience watching this historical moment, and this story is revealed in the
Quran for all of mankind to bear witness and take lesson from. The first few verses in Surat Al Ma’arij
describe this event [70:1-3]:
"سئل
سائلٌ بعذابٍ
واقع (1)
للكافرين ليس
له دافع (2) من
الله ذي
المعارج (3)"
A questioner asked concerning a
torment about to befall (1) Upon the disbelievers, which none can avert, (2)
From Allah, the Lord of the ascending steps.
The take
home message here is that as soon as someone dared to openly disbelieve and
question the prophet’s truthfulness regarding this very important matter of
successorship, Allah (SWT) intervened and brought immediate punishment to the
questioner (upon his request) which stands as a strong proof till the end of
time to support the divine appointment and Wilayah of Ali ibn Abi Taleb
(AS). Now, if this is the punishment of Kufran
Al Ne’mat in the life of this world, then one can only imagine what type
of severe punishment await the nonbelievers and deniers of the bounty on the
Day of Judgment!
Conclusion
After briefly analyzing the word
“Ne’mat” and its derivatives in the Holy Quran and after studying some
traditions and exegesis of different scholars, we can fairly conclude with
confidence and without any reasonable doubt that THE Ne’mat / bounty /
favor/ blessing that is mentioned in the Quran refers to none other than the
Wilayah / guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) who is the guardian,
successor, and Wasi of the Holy Prophet (SA).
It was on the day of Ghadeer when Allah (SWT) announced that اليوم “today” He (SWT) has completed our religion and His
blessings to us have reached their culmination. On
that day all the favors were bestowed at the zenith of their perfection. In the words of Allamah Turabi, “Deen
is the culmination of blessings and vice versa. And the Bestower of total
favors is One Who gave us our religion. He is the One who took the blessings to
their culmination.”
So great is this bounty in
Allah’s eyes that He (SWT) refers to the Wilayah (according to Tafseer Safi and
Bayan) as "إنها
لإحدى
الكُبَر" Indeed this is one of the greatest.
[74:35] Furthermore, He
(SWT) glorifies
this Ne’mat in Surat Al Takathor (102:8) and swears that He (SWT) will
question us about this Na’eem "ثم
لتُسئلن
يومئذٍ عن
النعيم." Then,
on that Day, you shall be asked about the bounties. Surely,
it is not from the attributes of the Generous God to question His creation
about the materialistic bounties that we enjoy such as food, drink, or
shelter. Then what could be that great
bounty that He (SWT) is referring to which deserves questioning and accounting
by the Great Lord? Most definitely, it
is the Wilayah of the household of the Prophet (SA) which Allah (SWT) will ask
each one of us about! It is the “proofs
of God on earth” which He (SWT) appointed as the vicegerents and trustees of
the final message to mankind! We will
be questioned how we treated the family of the Prophet (SA) after his demise
and whether or not we fulfilled the covenants and adhered to our pledge of
allegiance to the holy progeny. We will
be asked whether we displayed love and devotion (Mawada) to the Prophet’s
household which is clearly stated in verse [42:23] as the Ajr / reward of the
message. We will be reckoned how we
treated the Thaqalayn (the Two Precious
things) which the Prophet (SA) asserted in the well-known authenticated
tradition: "Verily, I am leaving behind two precious things (thaqalayn)
among you: the Book of God and my kindred (‘Etrah), my household (Ahlul Bayt),
for indeed, the two will never separate until they come back to me by the Pond
(of Al Kawthar on the Judgement Day) so consider how you act regarding them after my departure."
It suffices to know that in the own words of
our Master Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) in his discourse known as Hadeeth Al
Mofakhara with his son Husain (AS), he says about himself:
"أنا
عما يتسائلون
عن ولايتي يوم
القيامة قوله
تعالى لتسئلن
يومئذٍ عن
النعيم ، أنا
نعمة الله تعالى
التي أنعم
الله بها على
خلقه."
“I am whom they are
disputing about my Wilayah on the day of Resurrection as He revealed, ‘Then, on
that Day, you shall be asked about the bounties’, I am the Ne’mat of Allah
which He (SWT) blessed His creation with.”
Interestingly enough, Ameer Al Momineen (AS) reveals to us that he
is the one referred to in the first few verses of Surat Al Naba:
"عمَّا
يتسائلون (1) عن
النبأ العظيم
(2) الذي هُم فيه
مُختلِفون (3) كلاَّ
سيعلمون (4) ثم
كلاَّ
سيعلمون (5) "
What are they disputing about? Concerning the
Great News. About which they are in
disagreement. Indeed they will find out. Most assuredly, they will find out.’” [78:1-5] Here, Allah (SWT) publicizes His wonder about
the dispute and disagreement which the people have over the Wilayah and
successorship of Imam Ali (AS). If we
analyze the history of Islam after the Prophet’s demise, we will not find a
more disputable case than the issue of caliphate and successorship. He (SWT) asserts that those who disbelieve in
the Wilayah will eventually come to recognize the truth, if not in this life
then in the Hereafter. It is important
to note that Allah (SWT) did not say كلاَّ
سيعرفون ; rather He (SWT) said كلاَّ
سيعلمون.
That is because they already possess the knowledge that Ali (AS) has
been divinely appointed for the successorship; however, they do not recognize
his value nor the importance of Wilayah which is they cornerstone of the religion
without which it is not completed or perfected.
So, if we gain
the recognition (ma’refat) that the best and most precious bounty which Allah
(SWT) bestowed us by His absolute generosity and mercy is the divine guidance
and revelation that is impersonated by the holy luminaries - the Prophet (SA)
and Infallible Imams (AS) after him, this urges us to ponder more on our
inability to thank Him for this greatest bounty – the gift of WILAYAH. After all, how can we ever thank Him for this
extraordinary blessing which is the key to our salvation and path towards His
proximity? It is narrated that Imam Al
Sadiq (AS) said:
"شُكر
النعمة
إجتناب
المحارم ،
وتمام الشكر قول
الرجل الحمد
لله رب
العالمين." Expression
of thanks for a bounty is to avoid
committing the forbidden acts, while perfection of gratitude is to say "Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the
Worlds.”
From this narration we learn
that the best way of expressing gratitude is by submission and obedience to the
One Lord at all times. It suffices to know
that even when a servant praises his Lord, Allah (SWT) thanks him for his
expression of gratitude even though He (SWT) is the one who has the upper hand
and deserves praise. "وسيجزي
الله
الشاكرين" GOD rewards those who are appreciative.[ 3:144] If
Allah’s policy is to reward His creation whenever they thank Him, we can only
imagine that the more significant that bounty which is being thanked for, the
greater His reward to that grateful servant and the more He (SWT) will increase
in their most significant bounty!
It
would take more than a lifetime and tons of books to merely scratch the surface
of understanding the importance of Wilayah in our lives and the significance of
this most exceptional bounty from Allah (SWT).
However, it suffices to conclude this discourse by quoting the concise
words of Al-Janabedhi in his exegesis of Tafseer
Bayan Sa’ada regarding the
key relation of Ne’mat and Neqmat with the Wilayah. In this
excerpt, he beautifully explains the true essence and origin of Ne’mat,
where it begins and where it leads to.
"إستتبع
الولاية
النبوة
والرسالة
وسائر النعم
بها تصير نعمة
، وكلما إتصل
بالولاية سواء
كان بسبب
البيعة
الولوية أو
بطلب تلك
البيعة ، كان
نعمة وما لم
يتصل سواء كان
في النعم الصورية
الدينوية أو
من النعم
الصدرية
الأُخروية
ومن الأذواق
والوجدانات
ومِن العلوم
والمشاهدات والمعاينات
الصورية ، كان
نقمة إلا إذا
إتصلت
بالولاية
فالنقلبت
نعمة."
“The
Wilayah has followed the prophethood and revelation, and it is only by the
Wilayah that the rest of the bounties become considered a bounty. Every time a bounty becomes associated with
the Wilayah whether due to giving the pledge of allegiance to Imam Ali ibn Abi
Taleb (AS) or by seeking to achieve that allegiance, it becomes blessing. Likewise, whatever is not associated with the
Wilayah whether it is bounties of the life of this world or that of the
Hereafter, and from the tastes and sentiments and from the sciences,
observations, and examinations; it becomes a Neqmat (calamity or misfortune)
except if it becomes associated with the Wilayah and so it changes into a
Ne’mat (bounty).”
If we comprehend the meaning of
this profound statement with true recognition and faith, it will bring
everything into perspective and we can better and more appropriately identify,
appreciate, and thank Allah (SWT) for each and every bounty that He (SWT)
bestows us with. We can then understand
the meaning of the attributes which we address Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (SWT) in
the Ziyarah Al Mutlaqa Lil Ameer when we greet him in these most
insightful words, "السلام
على حُجة الله
البالغة
ونِعمته
السابغة
ونِقمته
الدامغة" Peace be upon the Proof of Allah and His perfect Grace
and His overwhelming indignation! Indeed, Imam Ali (AS) represents the
perfection of bounties and at the same time, he is also a source of Neqmat for
those who refuse to believe in his Wilayah and divine right for vicegerency!
It is our aim in this brief paper
to lift our attention to the real meaning of “THE Ne’mat” as mentioned in the
Holy Quran. It is our hope that every
time we think or come across the word “Ne’mat” whether in Quran, Dua, or
Hadeeth, that we immediately remember and thank Allah (SWT) in any and all ways
we can on a daily basis for the most significant bounty and grace to
mankind which signifies the perfection of faith and culmination of religion –
the Imamate and the Wilayah of the Prophet’s divinely appointed luminary
guides!
__________________________________________________________________________
References:
1- The Holy Quran
2- Majma’ Al Bayan fi Tafseer Al Quran
by Sheikh Al Tabarsi
3- Tafseer Al Quran by Ali ibn
Ibrahim Al Qummi
4- Al
Tebyaan Al Jame’ fi Li ‘Uloom Al Quran by Sheikh Al Toosi
5- Al
Mizan fi Tafseer Al Quran by Seyyid Mohammed Tabatabai
6- Al
Safi fi Tafseer Kalam Allah Al Waafi by Al Fayd Al Kashani
7- Tafseer
Bayan Al Sa’ada fi Maqamaat Al ‘Ibadah by Al Janabedhi
8- Al
Burhaan fi Tafseer Al Quran by Seyyid Hashem Al Husaini Al Bahrani
9- Nahjul Balagha (Sermons of Imam
Ali) compiled by Seyyid Radi
10- Lectures on Kufran Al Ne’mat by
Allamah Rasheed Turabi
11- Hayat Al Qulub - Volume 1 by
Allamah Mohammad Baqir Al Majlisi
12- Kitab Al Kafi by Muhammad Ya’qoob
Al Kulayni
13- Mafateeh Al Jinan by Sheikh Abbas
Al Qummi
14- Al Saheefa Al Kamela Al Sajjadiyah
(Psalms of Islam) by Imam Ali ibn Al Husain (AS)
15- Commentary on Kumail Supplication
by Allamah Husain Ansariyan
الحمد
لله الذي
هدانا لهذا
وما كُنا
لنهتدي لولا
أن هدانا الله
!!!